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Development Prospects of Space-Division Multiplexing Optical Fibers and Hybrid Optical-Electrical Cables

1. Space-Division Multiplexing (SDM) Optical Fibers (mainly multi-core and few-mode fibers)

Core Value

Space-division multiplexing optical fibers create extra spatial transmission channels via multi-core and few-mode structures, breaking the inherent capacity limit of conventional single-mode fibers and greatly increasing single-fiber transmission capacity. They serve as a key technology for next-generation ultra-high-speed optical networks to meet the extreme bandwidth demands of AI computing networks, transoceanic submarine cables and data center interconnections.

Global & domestic progress: Major trials have been carried out by Google & NEC, NICT, NTT, China Information and Communication Technologies, YOFC and Hengtong Optic-Electric. China's overall R&D level is aligned with the international frontier. ITU-T SG15 has launched the G.sup.G.65x standardization project, focusing first on multi-core fiber submarine cable specifications, while CCSA also conducts related domestic research projects.

Primary application scenarios: ultra-large-capacity submarine cables, hyperscale AI data center interconnections, DCI links and backbone trunk networks, especially for computing hubs with tight pipeline resources and massive bandwidth pressure, with future extension to 6G transport networks.

Key Challenges

Immature and expensive supporting devices, including multi-core amplifiers, array transceivers and MIMO processing chips; severe crosstalk and nonlinear interference degrade long-distance transmission quality.

Incomplete global standards, incompatible operation & maintenance systems with legacy single-mode fiber networks, and high system power consumption.

Poor economic efficiency for universal large-scale deployment, unable to fully replace conventional single-mode fibers in the short term.

Prospect

SDM fibers have promising long-term potential as a core ultra-high-capacity transmission technology, yet they will follow a gradual commercialization path rather than immediate full-scale replacement. Initial large-scale deployment will focus on submarine cables and AI data center interconnections, then expand to other high-bandwidth scenarios. They will form a complementary architecture with ultra-low-loss single-mode fibers to support terabit-level optical transmission, requiring breakthroughs in key devices, global standardization and crosstalk suppression.

2. Hybrid Optical-Electrical Cables

Core Value

Hybrid optical-electrical cables integrate optical fibers and electrical conductors to realize simultaneous high-speed data transmission and remote power supply within one cable. They reduce redundant cabling, save pipeline space, shorten construction cycles and cut overall costs. They are ideal for edge computing nodes, 5G base stations, data center rooms, industrial networks and smart grid systems requiring integrated power and communication infrastructure.

Key scenarios: 5G fronthaul networks, AI data center cabling, industrial internet, smart railways, smart grids, smart city surveillance and remote edge computing sites.

Evolution direction: high-density integration, extreme-environment resistance, EMC shielding, embedded sensing, to support F5G, 5G-A/6G and full-edge optical networks.

Key Challenges

Electrical safety risks: electromagnetic interference, heat damage to fibers, fire hazards and special construction & maintenance requirements.

Structural trade-offs: balancing power capacity, optical performance, mechanical flexibility and long-term reliability (aging, bending loss, corrosion).

Fragmented specifications and low versatility, limiting mass production.

Prospect

Hybrid optical-electrical cables will maintain steady growth as a mainstream special cable for access networks and edge computing infrastructure, driven by full optical computing networks, 5G-A and new power system construction. However, they are not suitable for ultra-long-haul backbone transmission. Further standardization, shielding design and reliability improvement will support their long-term development.

Overall Summary

SDM optical fibers: core long-haul ultra-high-capacity transmission solution, starting with high-end special scenarios and gradually popularizing, solving backbone bandwidth bottlenecks.

Hybrid optical-electrical cables: essential access/edge special cables, focusing on integrated power-and-communication scenarios, not backbone trunks.

The two technologies serve different network layers and complement each other to build a full optical network for AI computing infrastructure.